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  ApplicationContext之getBean方法详解
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  <p>我们知道可以通过ApplicationContext的getBean方法来获取Spring容器中已初始化的bean。getBean一共有以下四种方法原型：</p>
<ul>
<li>getBean(String name)</li>
<li>getBean(Class<T> type)</li>
<li>getBean(String name,Class<T> type)</li>
<li>getBean(String name,Object[] args)</li>
</ul>
<p>下来我们分别来探讨以上四种方式获取bean的区别。</p>
<span id="more"></span>
<h1 id="其中实体类Person定义如下："><a href="#其中实体类Person定义如下：" class="headerlink" title="其中实体类Person定义如下："></a>其中实体类Person定义如下：</h1><figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Person</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">private</span> String name;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">private</span> <span class="type">int</span> age;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="title function_">Person</span><span class="params">()</span>&#123;&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="title function_">Person</span><span class="params">(String name, <span class="type">int</span> age)</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="built_in">this</span>.name = name;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="built_in">this</span>.age = age;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> String <span class="title function_">getName</span><span class="params">()</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> name;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">setName</span><span class="params">(String name)</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="built_in">this</span>.name = name;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="type">int</span> <span class="title function_">getAge</span><span class="params">()</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">		<span class="keyword">return</span> age;</span><br><span class="line">	&#125;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">setAge</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">int</span> age)</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">		<span class="built_in">this</span>.age = age;</span><br><span class="line">	&#125;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="meta">@Override</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> String <span class="title function_">toString</span><span class="params">()</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">&quot;Person [name=&quot;</span> + name + <span class="string">&quot;, age=&quot;</span> + age + <span class="string">&quot;]&quot;</span>;</span><br><span class="line">	&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>applicationContext.xml注册有id为p的bean，配置如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight jsx"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&lt;bean id=<span class="string">&quot;p&quot;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span>=<span class="string">&quot;com.bean.Person&quot;</span>&gt;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="language-xml"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">property</span> <span class="attr">name</span>=<span class="string">&quot;name&quot;</span> <span class="attr">value</span>=<span class="string">&quot;张三&quot;</span>/&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="language-xml"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">property</span> <span class="attr">name</span>=<span class="string">&quot;age&quot;</span> <span class="attr">value</span>=<span class="string">&quot;18&quot;</span>/&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line">&lt;/bean&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="1-getBean-String-name"><a href="#1-getBean-String-name" class="headerlink" title="1. getBean(String name)"></a>1. getBean(String name)</h2><p>​        参数name表示IOC容器中已经实例化的bean的id或者name,且无论是id还是name都要求在IOC容器中是唯一的不能重名。那么这种方法就是通过id或name去查找获取bean.获取bean的参考代码如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">@Test</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">testPerson</span><span class="params">()</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="type">ApplicationContext</span> <span class="variable">ctx</span> <span class="operator">=</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="title class_">ClassPathXmlApplicationContext</span>(<span class="string">&quot;applicationContext.xml&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="type">Person</span> <span class="variable">p</span> <span class="operator">=</span> (Person) ctx.getBean(<span class="string">&quot;p&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">    System.out.println(p);</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="2-getBean-Class-type"><a href="#2-getBean-Class-type" class="headerlink" title="2. getBean(Class type)"></a>2. getBean(Class<T> type)</h2><p>​        参数Class<T> type表示要加载的Bean的类型。如果该类型没有继承任何父类(Object类除外)和实现接口的话，那么要求该类型的bean在IOC容器中也必须是唯一的。比如applicationContext.xml配置两个类型完全一致的bean,且都没有配置id和name属性。</p>
<figure class="highlight jsx"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&lt;bean <span class="keyword">class</span>=<span class="string">&quot;com.bean.Person&quot;</span>&gt;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="language-xml"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">property</span> <span class="attr">name</span>=<span class="string">&quot;name&quot;</span> <span class="attr">value</span>=<span class="string">&quot;张三&quot;</span>/&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="language-xml"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">property</span> <span class="attr">name</span>=<span class="string">&quot;age&quot;</span> <span class="attr">value</span>=<span class="string">&quot;18&quot;</span>/&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line">&lt;/bean&gt;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-xml"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">bean</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">&quot;com.bean.Person&quot;</span>&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-xml">    <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">property</span> <span class="attr">name</span>=<span class="string">&quot;name&quot;</span> <span class="attr">value</span>=<span class="string">&quot;李四&quot;</span>/&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-xml">    <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">property</span> <span class="attr">name</span>=<span class="string">&quot;age&quot;</span> <span class="attr">value</span>=<span class="string">&quot;20&quot;</span>/&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-xml"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">bean</span>&gt;</span></span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>​        那么通过com.bean.Person这种类型来查找bean,参考代码如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">@Test</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">testPerson</span><span class="params">()</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="type">ApplicationContext</span> <span class="variable">ctx</span> <span class="operator">=</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="title class_">ClassPathXmlApplicationContext</span>(<span class="string">&quot;applicationContext.xml&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="type">Person</span> <span class="variable">p</span> <span class="operator">=</span> ctx.getBean(Person.class);</span><br><span class="line">    System.out.println(p);</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>​        但是由于属于com.bean.Person的bean在IOC容器中不唯一，所以这里会抛出NoUniqueBeanDefinitionException异常。</p>
<p>​        由此我们可以总结getBean(String name)和getBean(Class<T> type)的异同点。</p>
<ul>
<li><h5 id="相同点：都要求id或者name或者类型在容器中的唯一性。"><a href="#相同点：都要求id或者name或者类型在容器中的唯一性。" class="headerlink" title="相同点：都要求id或者name或者类型在容器中的唯一性。"></a>相同点：都要求id或者name或者类型在容器中的唯一性。</h5></li>
<li><h5 id="不同点：getBean-String-name-获得的对象需要类型转换而getBean-Class-type-获得的对象无需类型转换。"><a href="#不同点：getBean-String-name-获得的对象需要类型转换而getBean-Class-type-获得的对象无需类型转换。" class="headerlink" title="不同点：getBean(String name)获得的对象需要类型转换而getBean(Class type)获得的对象无需类型转换。"></a>不同点：getBean(String name)获得的对象需要类型转换而getBean(Class<T> type)获得的对象无需类型转换。</h5></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="3-getBean-String-name-Class-type"><a href="#3-getBean-String-name-Class-type" class="headerlink" title="3.  getBean(String name,Class type)"></a>3.  getBean(String name,Class<T> type)</h2><p>​        这种方式比较适合当类型不唯一时，再通过id或者name来获取bean。</p>
<p>​        例如applicationContext.xml配置有如下bean:</p>
<figure class="highlight jsx"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&lt;bean id=<span class="string">&quot;p1&quot;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span>=<span class="string">&quot;com.bean.Person&quot;</span>&gt;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="language-xml"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">property</span> <span class="attr">name</span>=<span class="string">&quot;name&quot;</span> <span class="attr">value</span>=<span class="string">&quot;张三&quot;</span>/&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="language-xml"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">property</span> <span class="attr">name</span>=<span class="string">&quot;age&quot;</span> <span class="attr">value</span>=<span class="string">&quot;18&quot;</span>/&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line">&lt;/bean&gt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-xml"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">bean</span> <span class="attr">name</span>=<span class="string">&quot;p2&quot;</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">&quot;com.bean.Person&quot;</span>&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-xml">    <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">property</span> <span class="attr">name</span>=<span class="string">&quot;name&quot;</span> <span class="attr">value</span>=<span class="string">&quot;李四&quot;</span>/&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-xml">    <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">property</span> <span class="attr">name</span>=<span class="string">&quot;age&quot;</span> <span class="attr">value</span>=<span class="string">&quot;20&quot;</span>/&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-xml"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">bean</span>&gt;</span></span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>参考代码如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">@Test</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">testPerson</span><span class="params">()</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="type">ApplicationContext</span> <span class="variable">ctx</span> <span class="operator">=</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="title class_">ClassPathXmlApplicationContext</span>(<span class="string">&quot;applicationContext.xml&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="type">Person</span> <span class="variable">p</span> <span class="operator">=</span> ctx.getBean(<span class="string">&quot;p2&quot;</span>,Person.class);</span><br><span class="line">    System.out.println(p);</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>​        这样可以获取到名字叫”李四”的对象。测试结果如下：</p>
<h2 id="4-getBean-String-name-Object-args"><a href="#4-getBean-String-name-Object-args" class="headerlink" title="4.  getBean(String name,Object[] args)"></a>4.  getBean(String name,Object[] args)</h2><p>​        这种方式本质还是通过bean的id或者name来获取bean,通过第二个参数Object[] args可以给bean的属性赋值，赋值的方式有两种：构造方法和工厂方法。但是通过这种方式获取的bean必须把scope属性设置为prototype，也就是非单例模式。</p>
<p>​        先在com.factory包下设计有如下的工厂类：</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">PersonFactory</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="comment">//静态工厂注入</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> Person <span class="title function_">getPersonInstance</span><span class="params">(String name,<span class="type">int</span> age)</span><span class="keyword">throws</span> Exception &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="type">Person</span> <span class="variable">p</span> <span class="operator">=</span> (Person)Class.forName(<span class="string">&quot;com.bean.Person&quot;</span>).newInstance();</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="type">Method</span> <span class="variable">m</span> <span class="operator">=</span> p.getClass().getMethod(<span class="string">&quot;setName&quot;</span>, java.lang.String.class);</span><br><span class="line">        m.invoke(p, name);</span><br><span class="line">        m = p.getClass().getMethod(<span class="string">&quot;setAge&quot;</span>, <span class="type">int</span>.class);</span><br><span class="line">        m.invoke(p, age);</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> p;</span><br><span class="line">	&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>在applicationContext.xml中配置有如下bean:</p>
<figure class="highlight jsx"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&lt;bean name=<span class="string">&quot;p3&quot;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span>=<span class="string">&quot;com.bean.Person&quot;</span> scope=<span class="string">&quot;prototype&quot;</span>/&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>获取bean的参考代码如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">@Test</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">testPerson</span><span class="params">()</span></span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">ApplicationContext</span> <span class="variable">ctx</span> <span class="operator">=</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="title class_">ClassPathXmlApplicationContext</span>(<span class="string">&quot;applicationContext.xml&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">Person</span> <span class="variable">p</span> <span class="operator">=</span> (Person) ctx.getBean(<span class="string">&quot;p3&quot;</span>,<span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="title class_">Object</span>[]&#123;<span class="string">&quot;王五&quot;</span>,<span class="number">35</span>&#125;);</span><br><span class="line">System.out.println(p);</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>如果想通过工厂注入属性，在applicationContext.xml配置如下bean:</p>
<figure class="highlight jsx"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">&lt;bean name=<span class="string">&quot;p3&quot;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span>=<span class="string">&quot;com.factory.PersonFactory&quot;</span> factory-method=<span class="string">&quot;getPersonInstance&quot;</span> scope=<span class="string">&quot;prototype&quot;</span>&gt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-xml"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">constructor-arg</span> <span class="attr">name</span>=<span class="string">&quot;name&quot;</span>&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-xml"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">null</span>/&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-xml"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">constructor-arg</span>&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="language-xml"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">constructor-arg</span> <span class="attr">name</span>=<span class="string">&quot;age&quot;</span> <span class="attr">value</span>=<span class="string">&quot;0&quot;</span>/&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line">&lt;/bean&gt;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<blockquote>
<p>转自：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.jianshu.com/p/01bee649a0c9">https://www.jianshu.com/p/01bee649a0c9</a></p>
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